The Rise Of Mass Culture - 1896 Words

The rise of mass culture in the United States is a relatively recent phenomenon related to industrialization, changes to the government of businesses, changed the structure of society, and the development of consumer culture. Defining mass culture, however, is far from straightforward. In large part, it may be understood as arising from the culmination of ideas and experiences shared by large numbers of people. Sources that contribute to mass culture include newspapers, works of literature, music, film, and art. On the other hand, mass culture and its rise may also be understood as a response to changes in technology and the way that people spend time. The first thing to note is that before advent of mass culture, the social and cultural defined high culture using the proper forms of cultural expression. The elite used the control of the access to this culture to define in-group identification and signal cultural cues that were to be picked up and mimicked by the lower classes. The monopoly on cultural expression changed with the advent of the mass production of goods. These goods became affordable owing to the sheer scale of their manufacture and the necessity to create awareness of the production surplus means of communication on a scale that had not happened in human history. The rise of mass culture was also made possible by the sprawl of societies as nations transitioned from predominantly agrarian societies to ones based on manufacturing and service. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Mass Culture2019 Words   |  9 Pages Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news source s, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits brought about by the delineated work scheduleRead MoreThe Birth of Mass Culture: The Rise of the Radio in the 1920s1888 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the 1920’s, a new era of pop culture was ushered in as America recovered from its involvement in the First World War. Within this era, society was dominated by the desire to express oneself and live lavishly while free of structural constraint, and this new pursuit of freedom was displayed within the evolution of jazz, flapper fashions, and an increased obsession with entertainment. While each of these events undoubtedly played a role in shaping the pop culture of the twenties, on e particularRead More Consumer Culture Essay830 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumer culture?† In the late 19th, early 20th century a new phenomenon arose. Along with the development of industrial advances and urbanization of the emerging American culture was the growth and subsequent domination of the â€Å"consumer culture†. Consumer culture is a term that goes hand and hand with the American way of life today, but in those days it was a new and unique experience. Along with the development of the mail order catalog, advertising became a focal point of American mass mediaRead MoreThe And Dissemination Of Cultural Values, Ideologies, And Hierarchies832 Words   |  4 Pagescultural values, ideologies, and hierarchies is as varied as the historian. Again semantics and semiotics, important issues to understand the full web of the â€Å"word-concept† culture, dominate much of the theory and practice. The most common debates are over naming eras and redefining terms like popular, culture, popular culture, etc. Despite the debate, the historiography maintains four i mportant foci for the construction of cultural values: industrialization and the Progressive Era, the influenceRead MoreMedia and Mass Communications Development on a Healthy Mature Culture1200 Words   |  5 PagesMedia and Mass Communications development on a Healthy Mature Culture This argumentative essay is specially made to discuss the possibility for media and mass communication to nurture the development of a healthy, mature culture. Overall, the process of media and mass communication media development has already caused changes in the public sphere. The digitalization of media dramatically increases the chances of the people to get an access to the information, which is transferredRead MoreThe Rise of Consumer Culture Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesConsumer culture has developed over the years for many different reasons such as the demise of the social class and embourgeoisement which are both key factors in capitalism and has therefore led to the argument that consumer society merely reflects the rise of capitalism which I plan to discuss within this assignment. The origins of consumer culture have been discussed by Grant McCracken (1998) who argues that there is minimal agreement in regards to the origins of consumer society. McCracken tookRead MoreT he Popularization Of Technology : The Development Of Urbanization And Urbanization1063 Words   |  5 Pagespresents and can result in the elimination of languages and their cultures. The uprise of technology is causing the eradication of cultures. The history of cultural assimilation is vast. The Industrial Revolution, from the late 18th century to the early 19th century, brought important inventions including the steam engine, sewing machine, steam locomotives and boats, electric motor, and the factory system.These inventions and the rise of urbanization attracted people to the United States. This createdRead MoreMass Media And Its Effects On Society1633 Words   |  7 PagesEssay While there have been ideas and mass media in which we have access to, there is small changes in which The United States as a whole has been affected. There have been many discussions on how social media has played a part on American culture as we are becoming more reliant on computers and technology as well as we have in communicating. Social media and mass media has an affect modern society as technology has grown, so will its effects on people. Mass media and social media are, one socialRead MoreHannah Hoch and James Rosenquist --Insiders and Outsiders of Consumerism and Gender 1551 Words   |  7 PagesWith the rise of industrialization, globalization, and mass production, the manufacturing productivity has been dramatically increased and accordingly the availability of consumer goods. And with the rise of the mass media, various products have been targeted on broad groups of consumers. Consumerism, which is propelled by a system of mass production and high levels of consumption, has been one of the themes in art works from twentieth century till now. In regard to consumerism and genderRead MoreMass Media and Violence ´s Effect on Teenagers1252 Words   |  5 Pagesisn’t popular culture to be violent, violence is certainly a by-product of popular games, mainstream music and other types of media. Teenagers are one of the major groups targeted by mass-media, more specifically video game companies, moviemakers and television programs. They are old enough to understand double innuendos and underlying concepts yet young enough to appreciate animated and younger films. This makes them a prime audience for most media outlets. (Thesis Statement) Mass-media outlets

Socialism - The Best Economic System Essay - 1461 Words

Today, more than ever, there is great debate over politics and which economic system works the best. How needs and wants should be allocated, and who should do the allocating, is one of the most highly debated topics in our current society. Be it communist dictators defending a command economy, free market conservatives defending a market economy, or European liberals defending socialism, everyone has an opinion. While all systems have flaws and merits, it must be decided which system is the best for all citizens. When looking at both the financial well being of all citizens, it is clear that market economies fall short on ensuring that the basic needs of all citizens are met. If one looks at liberty and individual freedom, it is evident†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The population of unemployed and underemployed explodes. There is a vicious circle here. Because so many seek work, wages are very low. Because one wage cannot support even a small family, more and more family mem bers must seek employment. This move adds to the pool of labor and further depresses wages.† (Syracuse U. Press) Further, if wages begin to rise in one country, other countries seize the opportunity and lower their wages even further. With this cycle of falling wages and more and more people needing jobs, poverty increases drastically. With wages so low, the owners of these large companies get richer and richer—the vast majority of wealth in a country becomes concentrated in one small group of people. While this is good for those few, the vast majority of citizens are shorthanded. Capitalism is an excellent system for the elite and for increasing efficiency, but as far as providing for the needs of all of its citizens, it falls short. Thus, capitalism is a system that causes and perpetuates poverty, and exploits its lower class. Capitalism, or market economies in general, are systems of greed, and therefore support and commend corruption. In a capitalistic society, e verything is based off of greed and self interest. People are forced to provide their own means, because no one else is going to do it for them.Show MoreRelatedSocialism And The Second Is Capitalism922 Words   |  4 Pages There are to forms of economic systems that will be explained in the paper. Both of the topics will be about the origins of each form of economic system, what each hopes to achieve, and the pros and cons. The first is going to talk about socialism and the second is capitalism. Socialism is a government run by the public rather than by private individuals. Thus, in a socialistic country, the common public owns the factors of production and makes economic decisions. Therefore individuals do not workRead MoreSocial is the Best Economic System for Handing an Epic Crisis841 Words   |  3 PagesWhich economic system is best suited for handling a crisis of epic proportions (hurricane, flood, blizzard, forest fire, etc.)? Why? The best economic system that is suitable in case of crisis of epic proportions is socialism. According to G.D.H. Cole â€Å"Socialism discloses about four things that are connected closely, first a human fellowship which actually denies and expels the distinction of class, social system where no one will be very rich or very poor than their neighbors as to be unable inRead MoreEconomics Is The Science Of Scarcity1728 Words   |  7 PagesEconomics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity is when you have a population with unlimited wants coupled with limited resources. Essentially, economics deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The societies in the books 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 both take advantage of some form of an economic system, whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States. An economic system is how a society deals with theseRead MoreCapitalism: A Superior Economic System E ssay example1632 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism: A Superior Economic System People generally enjoy having money in their possession because it gives them a feeling of power and freedom. Having money gives people the freedom to spend it on what they choose and the power to make more if they wish. Working in order to make money provides people with a sense of independence and pride while learning responsibility. In a world where the majority of people like possessing money and having the opportunity to obtain more of it, the majorityRead MoreSocialism And Laissez Faire Of The United States1147 Words   |  5 PagesNations have debated on which economic direction their country will direct its footsteps since the creation of societies. The United States, being one of the most stereotypical capitalistic nations, began as a Laissez-faire nation, but throughout the centuries America’s economic standpoint has shifted more into Socialism rather than Laissez-faire. The second largest economy in the world, China, is widely understood as being a socialist countr y, however, for the past years they have been inclinedRead MoreAmerica Is Failing By The Declaration Of Independence1565 Words   |  7 PagesDemocratic socialism is a political and economic ideology that, as its namesake suggests, combines the key concepts of democracy and socialism. The word â€Å"socialist† evokes a feeling of panic and disgust in many Americans. It is often confused with communism, an ideology that has resulted in radical dictatorships in the past (such as the Soviet Union). Both are economic and political structures that seek to eliminate social class and promote equality. (1) But unlike communism, socialism does not seekRead MoreCapitalism, Socialism, And Participatory Economics930 Words   |  4 PagesContrary to popular belief, there is no best way to rule property ownership in society. While all political ideologies have individual proposals as to how ownership should run, there are inevitable flaws in all of them; the reason for these flaws are because of the dynamic nature of society. This essay will discuss and critique three alternative forms of property ownership: capitalism, socialism, and participatory economics. Capitalism is a social system based on the principle of individual rightsRead MoreCapitalism Vs. Socialism : The Transitional Period Between Capitalism And Communism1330 Words   |  6 PagesCapitalism versus Socialism In the theories developed by Karl Marx, socialism is considered the transitional period between capitalism and communism. For a long time, capitalism versus socialism has been argued and debated. Socialism is an economic system in which goods and services are provided through a central system of government and aims to make everyone equal. They have different forms of socialism that have different beliefs. Some of the biggest disadvantages of socialism are that it reliesRead MoreThe Socialism And Capitalism Of Society1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, we will look at both socialism and capitalism. These are both very broad topics so not every aspect of each will be covered. We will, though, try to achieve a basic understanding of both of the systems. We will see how they differ and how they are similar. The term socialism was brought onto the world scene in the 1830s. It was first used to describe the doctrines of Charles Fourier, Henri De Saint-Simon, and Robert Owen (Dagger).These men believed that society should be organizedRead MoreSocialism in The Jungle1715 Words   |  7 PagesSocialism in â€Å"The Jungle† By Tyler Dobson Sinclair’s  The Jungle  is a novel that tends to advocate for socialism as a remedy for the evils of capitalism that has dominated a society. Upton Sinclair’s piece was written in 1906, at a time when many European immigrants had migrated to the United States with the hope of becoming prosperous in their lives. However, their expectations were not met as some of them ended up being unemployed and those who managed to get jobs like Jurgis Rudkus in

The Value Chain Analysis

Question: Report on"The Value Chain Analysis". Answer: The Value Chain Analysis: This report studies the value chain of the search technologies are utilize to navigate the Internet and focuses on the other factors related to Internet Technologies. According to Millward Brown Optimizers Brands, Google ranks on the top 10 most powerful band in the contemporary world ("Company Google", 2016). Value chain analysis is a systematic framework that critically analyses and assesses the business processes and activities that can produce value and competitive advantage to the business. Figure: The Value Chain of an organization Google Inc. value chain differs from value chain analysis of traditional business organizations where resources processed into products for trading with a consumer, achieving value in each pace of the process. As Google related to service industry especially online internet services, its value chain analysis is critical. The goal of the organization is to collect organize, manage, and share it on the internet with the users for personal, professional as well as for scholarly purposes. Google gathers all the information of the internet users as available (the resource) by fascinating and inviting them to utilize the available search product with highly significant results delivered swiftly. By this strategic process, Google ensures that more potential buyers are directed through Google to the partners sites. Figure: Describing the Value Chain of Google Inc Google's principal activities in its value chain management are primarily responsible for the support processes of human resources and administration. Google is one of those elite business organizations who give impotence on research and development (R D) and hire the best talent to excel in RD. By globalizing the organizational process, Google is also taking advantage of the human resource diversity to bring effective development and growth in business processes (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2013).. For instance, Google is outsourcing some of the copywriting to India-based organizations effectively using cost-cutting strategy. Google Inc. headquarter in Mountain View, California, United States. It has more than 70 operational offices throughout 40 nations across the globe. Google has internal servers and software for its administrative purposes like operations, allocation, sales, and services. Each of the processes adds value to the process of the firm activities thus increasing revenue profits. The revenue profit of the organization is maximized by the organizations culture and social consciousness and competencies to modify products according to individual and regional demand and necessity (Rothaermel, 2015).. The organization hassustainable competitive advantages as the considerable scores organized in actions of value, uniqueness, and substitutability. Google forums have an influential part regarding assisting clients to deal with technical and other issues ("Company Google," 2016). Thus, Google's success relies on how it treats its internet users how contributes towards the stake of the organization. The founders had a vision, and they are more or less successful in achieving it. Swot Analysis: STRENGTH Strong Brand Unique search engine technology Presence throughout globe Strong RD WEAKNESS Dependent on advertisement for revenue generation Lack of product integration Significant investment in RD Week social media presence OPPORTUNITY Growth of internet usage Increase in online promotions Updated its product line New ventures in Mobile market THREATS Local Competitors Investment in unnecessary product and services Absence in Social Media Lack of long term solution for revenue generation Strength: Google is the most trusted brand and is regarded as the top 10 influential brands. Google has the most effective and informative search engine technology in the internet world today. The organization has more than 70 operational offices throughout the globe. Because of the sustainable revenue profit, Google has the huge source for RD. Weakness: The revenue generation of the organization is solely dependent on the advertisements. There is a lack of product integration as compared to its competitors. The organization invests too much in RD departments and initiatives. Google has comparative week social media presence after the end of Orkut. Opportunities: The consecutive increase in growth of internet usage will give Google the advantage to remain the used search engines. With the increase in internet usage, small as well as large corporate are concentrating on online promotions increasing Google as the most common platform to promote business sites. Google has subsequently updated its product line with new products and services, thus keeping one-step ahead in the market. Google has recently entered into the mobile market and is quite successful until time. Threats: With the increasing use of internet and popularity of online promotions, small enterprises are coming up with comparatively cheap packages and localized promotions. Google has wasted a constant amount of revenue and resources that have failed and is of no use to the organizational process. Due to the low presence in social media, Google lacks in popularity in comparison to its competitors like Facebook, Twitter, etc. Google's revenue collection largely depends on online promotions; the management should find a solution for alternate revenue generating processes. Reference: Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y. (2013).Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley Sons. Lv, X., Zhao, S. (2013). Research on Profit Distribution of Software Outsourcing Alliances Based on the Improved Shapley Value Model.Cybernetics and Information Technologies,13(Special Issue), 100-109. Albors-Garrigos, J., de Miguel Molina, B., de Miguel Molina, M. (2014). Positioning in the Global Value Chain as a Sustainable Strategy: A Case Study in a Mature Industry.Administrative Sciences,4(2), 155-172. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill.

Think Win Essays - United States Presidential Inaugurations

Think Win To us winning means always doing our best, as individuals and as a team. If we have done all that, we have won no matter what the score may be. Win-Win means that we have all contributed in some way, however small it may seem at the time, because basketball, like life, is made up of constantly new opportunities to learn and to do better. Win-Win means being successful with each other. But we know we cannot be successful with others if we havent paid the price to be successful with ourselves. Paying the price to be successful with ourselves means being responsible, beginning with the end in mind, and putting first things first. I cannot talk my way out of a problem I have behaved my way into. We cannot have the fruits without the roots. The most important thing we bring to the team is not what we say or what we do, but what we are. As a team, we are always making deposits in an Emotional Bank Account with each other. A deposit is when we do something for a teammate that helps them, by practicing hard and applauding our teammates when they practice hard, when we acknowledge a good act on the part of another teammate, when we are honest, courteous, and polite with each other, when we show a teammate how we depend on them, and when we show a teammate that they can depend on us. When we act in keeping with our values, we become self-aware and independent. That allows us to make meaningful promises and commitments to our teammates. When we are considerate and honest with our teammates we are acting with maturity. By doing that, we are paying our teammates a great compliment. We know that as a team there is plenty of everything for everybody plenty of opportunities for each person to contribute in their own special way, plenty of ways to be a part of something that is special, this TEAM. We know that one persons success is achieved through the cooperation and effort of all. We know that there is not just my way or your way. There is another way a better way our way. We know that if we arent all winning, we are all losing. Winning is helping everybody make the best contribution that they can make at that time. REMEMBER I am truly happy when members of my team succeed. By saying BIY I am telling my teammates that I believe in them and reminding myself that they believe in me. That is real Win-Win. Sports and Games

Higher Education as A Wise Investment Essay

Higher Education as A Wise Investment Essay Higher Education as A Wise Investment Essay Example Higher Education as A Wise Investment Essay Example The world is constantly changing, and people are changing with it. Even more, people are those, who create an impulse to alter the environment around them. That is why every person needs to have and use the possibilities to grow intellectually and receive the best tuition, because everyone has his/her own inner power to make the world better. According to a contemporary model of a liberal society, humans are placed in the center of the planet around them. They are not just observing what is going on, but also participating. They have the right to express their opinion. These ideas might seem to be not very related to an educational process. However, a basis of such concepts like a freedom of speech, a critical thinking and self-respect are formed at school and polished at higher educational institutions (Bronfenbrenner). Studying at the university or college is efficient for liberating the consciousness and developing the creativity of young people. Every person has a unique individuality. Thus, investing into a higher education might lead to efficient results in this sphere. The universities and colleges are considered to form free-thinking members of the democratic society. They will succeed in the further adult life and make the community around them better (Sokol). It is difficult to say that higher education is necessary for everyone in the society. It is a wise investment, regardless the personal circumstances. The tuition costs a lot; and not many people in the United States can afford it. The question is whether everyone needs it. There are many people that do not want to work as clerks at the offices or become scientists. It is possible to say that they do not need any higher education. From another perspective, higher education is another way to develop intellectually and culturally. It does not matter what the future professional plans of a person are (Bevilacqua, Giannetto, and Matthews). Even though the issue is worth a long discussion, I think that higher education is a very good investment for a number of reasons. Main Reasons Why Higher Education Is a Wise Investment The price of studying at the university or college is big enough to make the majority of the middle-class families take a loan in the bank. They could hope that their child will find a good work after the graduation. According to the information given in the article â€Å"Getting More Bang for the Buck in Higher Education†. Students are already borrowing about $113 billion a year, more than twice as much as a decade ago, and student debt now tops $1 trillion. The federal government accounts for nearly 90 percent of all student loans and the Congressional Budget Office estimates that students will take out $1.4 trillion in new federal loans over the next decade. (D’Andrea 2013). This statistics shows that higher education is still very popular among the Americans despite its high costs. It is necessary to note that the United States is a developed country. There are many workplaces that require a higher education to fit the standards. For example, it is impossible to work as a web-developer without a specific knowledge on the issue. It is surely rather complicated than a high school level. If there are not many professionals in the country, the company has to invite people from abroad to work for them. Nowadays, many American companies do it frequently. It supports an idea that people with higher education are needed. They will surely find a workplace after the graduation. Having a university degree is a sign for employees that a person obtains the premium qualifications for the work. There is no need to check his/her knowledge in all details in this sphere. It also increases the possibilities for a professional growth in the company. A university degree becomes an advantage in creating an image of a successful person. It is surely an intellectual achievement. It is a wide-spread idea that university graduates earn more during the lifetime. It may be explained by an idea that they do not work on lower positions like college graduates do. Of course, a financial well-being depends not only on the persons academic degree. Such issues like working productivity, energy and enthusiasm as well as luck are also very important. However, having a university degree increases the chances of an individual for a quick advancement by a career ladder. The article in The New York Times includes the following: A college graduate is almost 20 percentage points more likely to be employed than someone with a high-school diploma. Although the cost of a college degree is 50 percent higher than it was 30 years ago, the increase in lifetime earnings associated with a college degree is now 75 percent higher. (DAndrea) Another idea that supports the thesis that higher education is a wise investment is the following one. It shows employees and other people that the person with the degree is committed and knows how to set and accomplish goals. It addition, to have a degree shows that the person is able to work systematically while gaining the new knowledge and passing exams successfully. It might be incorrect to analyze the advantages of investing into higher education only from a personal economical point of view. It is necessary to note that it abolishes such serious problems in the society as a total ignorance, a fear of strangers, and their culture. Increasing an educational level of people is the best way of preventing racism and crimes. An educated person will not kill for fun, because he/she understands the value of the human life. He/she will be a better citizen that will help the poor, because he/she has an idea about humanism. People become better, no matter whether they are being skilled workers or professors. The humankind has made a long way from the ancient times to the 21st century and gained much knowledge in all spheres. It should be understood by everyone. This knowledge broadens the mind and creates a good basis for a further progress of human thoughts. Higher education is an attribute of a high social status. It can be called an achievement, in other words, and the prestige of the university degree attracting many people. The government gives to citizens a possibility to go to the university without paying all the money for the tuition as a reward (Nola and Irzik). This can be seen in an example of the U.S. army and the desire of people to get higher education. It is another argument that supports the importance of investing into the university degree. The U.S. Army: Supporting the Prestigious Status of Higher Education It is necessary to describe the overall situation connected with an army in the United States. It is the U.S. Military that faces numerous problems. The main problem it meets with is unwillingness of young people to serve the country and the lack of financing. That is why the military saves money, reduces some expenses on other issues, but leads an active advertising and promoting campaign. All this has made to create a new positive image of an American soldier. It should attract volunteers to the army. Re-branding of the U.S. Army is a main issue that managers want to achieve in their advertising and promotion campaigns. It targets mostly the young men from 18 to 24 years old that have been brought up on the TV culture. When those young men are asked to fill in the questionnaire, they describe the army as something with the dog soldier work, obstacle courses and in-your-face drill officers. The Army tries to make it more transparent for the American public. It creates an image of a strong young professional patriot, who goes to the military to serve the country. The situation with the lack of volunteers is so difficult, that the Army introduced a special army experience tour. The officers visit high schools on a recruiting truck and talk about the possibilities the military service can give to students (Baron). However, an issue that is connected with a problem of higher education is not the popularity of the military service. The main point that underlines the importance and prestigious status of the university degree are the perspectives the army opens for a young recruit. The military service gives a wide range of social opportunities for young people from lower classes. After the army, the person is able to get a higher education at a lower price. The person receives a good and cheap healthcare and a possibility to buy a house. That is why the advertising campaign targets high school and college students, mostly in the southern states. In these regions, there are more immigrants like Hispanics and blacks. According to the state program, such immigrants will be able to become the citizens of the country after the military service. The marketing strategy the army of the United States uses depends on the economic and social status of the target audience. The state program aims at increasing the popularity of the military service among people and promise to provide them with various profits in future. It is one of the most important features making the army so popular among young people of the lower class and immigrants. It is necessary to note that those young men who go to the army do not really have many opportunities to make their lives better to choose from. They do not have other ways to get education and social profits. As it has been mentioned earlier, higher education costs much even more for middle-class families. This sum is too much for a poor immigrant family or just for a family with many children. In fact, the soldiers that can be compared to customers do not have a choice. It is similar to arriving to the store where there is an only model of the mobile phone available. There is no competition at all (Garamone). The price for this mobile phone is extremely high, but it will be certainly bought. There is a lack of mobile phones. This example can be easily compared to the military. In reality, the army is a monopolist in its sphere. It is quite logical, because it is impossible to have several armies in the country. It might cost too much and lead to a breakup in the country in case some political problems arise. However, it is the only way to make the life better for a big number of young people. Our SamplesThe best way to know how to write good essays is by getting a sample of an essay from competent experts online. We can give you the essay examples you need for future learning. Free Essay Examples are here. Main Reasons why Some Think Higher Education Is not a Wise Investment Many college and university students complain that they need to take too many obligatory courses being not related to their major ones. The students have been writing petitions and discussing this question for many years. However, the majority of higher educational institutions create curriculums with general studies. Higher education supposes that a student will learn many disciplines on the higher level to become not only a professional, but also a well-educated cultural person (Dann). Many people claim that the university level is unnecessary for them. There is not much information about the major studies and too much information about philosophy, literature, rhetoric, and other general issues (Conerly). Even though I do not agree with the statement that there is no need to take the courses being not related to the one’s specialization at all, I will try to compare some arguments from both sides to make a situation clearer. The general education has an obvious advantage. It gives the all-round knowledge in different spheres of science and art. It is difficult to disagree with this argument because the basic knowledge in languages, art, and history is not redundant for engineers and managers. Perhaps, those who are good in programming have neither the desire nor much talent to learn foreign languages or even write essays in their own. They have a different way of thinking. In their logical world of codes, there is no place for a verbal beauty. The problem is that even great programmers need to communicate with people, write emails, and love writing letters to their girlfriends without mistakes as well as work abroad. Sometimes the knowledge of English is not a treatment for everything. That is why the universities make language disciplines obligatory for all students. According to the article â€Å"Dont Buy the Hype, College Education Is Not an Investment,† the majority of university graduates do not know much neither in their profile, nor in general subjects. More than a third of recent college graduates had coasted through without adding anything to their human capital. Reports that employers often find graduates applying for jobs to be weak in basic skills are numerous. If a college degree were a regulated investment opportunity, it would have to bear the standard warning that past performance is no guarantee of future performance. The future won’t be similar to the past for many college graduates and telling young people that college will be a good investment is careless and irresponsible. (Leef) There is a universal counter-evidence to this statement. There is always a possibility for self-education. Nowadays, there is no problem in finding information in the Internet and even in taking online courses. As a proverb says, â€Å"Where there is a will, there is a way.† Students should always be motivated to learn something (Conerly). They know for sure that they have to be good in their specialty because it is their future profession. However, they really do not understand why it is necessary to learn French if they can communicate perfectly in English. They do not intend to work in France. The lack of motivation makes those obligatory general courses ineffective. Thus, in the end, both professors and students lose their precious time. Another argument for attending the courses that are not related to the profile is that they teach students to think critically. It makes the brain work harder if a student needs to master a subject being not his or her initial specialization (Grove). However, this theory has more disadvantages than advantages in practice. Firstly, the ability to think critically does not depend upon the subject the person is learning. The only thing that is important is a process of learning and mental abilities to compare facts and make conclusions. Secondly, it often leads to serious psychological problems. If the person is a talented musician, and he/she is bad at mathematics, but still learns it, he/she constantly fails in this. It does not depend on the efforts put for learning. This state leads to depression, appearance of inferiority complex, and a decrease of self-rating. The next argument to support the idea of necessity of general studies in the university is that the variety of disciplines gives to students an opportunity to choose what they prefer more. It is good in the sense of self-determination. However, it causes difficulties with the employment after graduation (Genovese). Universities do not always filter the disciplines applicable to the real life. Students might have problems with the further professional adaptation. Time is very valuable. The majority of students want to get their profession as soon as possible. Another very important issue, which supports an idea that extra courses are not needed, is money. Many families cannot afford paying for the tuition. The general courses are costly, obligatory for all students, and, in addition, not related to their major course. It is evident that the question of money is an obstacle for the majority of students.The lack of money is not the only problem in the question of general studies. Another important factor is time. Many college and university students work part time or have family issues that do not allow them to spend at least four years for finding themselves. No matter how good this idea is in theory, the reality where the time and money are involved makes its corrections (Grove). It is possible to find a college with a flexible curriculum (Education Portal). One can always choose an institution to study at. This question is important, because there is no money-and-time-back system at colleges and institutes. That is why every student needs to understand what his/her aim is; whether it is to get a more generalized knowledge, or to pay more attention to the major subject. An opportunity to take the courses being related to the one’s specialization is more practical than studying the disciplines providing the basics of everything in the world to students. One of the main counter-evidences against getting a higher education, omitting if it is not a way for self-development but a wise investment, is that studying is not a financial operation at all. Forbes writes: When college cheerleaders say that there is an earnings premium for graduates, they make it sound just like investing in financial instruments. â€Å"Buy this bond and you get interest payments in return; buy a college degree and you get higher wages in return.† But that isn’t the case. No one receives any payment or premium merely for having finished college. Employers do not reward workers just for having passed enough classes to earn a degree. They reward workers for their productivity. Going to college might increase a person’s productivity, but it’s neither necessary nor sufficient for that. (Leef) In reality, the academic degree supposes that the person has done more of the individual work to get it. As a result, it might be just an advantage in the competition to gain the job. However, it is not another document that supports an idea that the person has a good professional pedigree. It is difficult to say for sure if the higher education is necessary for everyone in the United States. The tuition costs a lot of money. The majority of students have to take a loan in the bank to finish the university. There are both advantages and disadvantages in studying at the college or university. Higher education is a good investment into the future career, because a graduate might find a well-paid job. He/she might have good possibilities for the future career growth. In addition, higher education gives to students numerous possibilities for the personal intellectual and cultural growth. It might make their lives better in future. A free-thinking, creative, and intelligent person has more chances to succeed in life than those people selecting not to continue their studies. To sum up, the well-educated citizens are the developing power of each community and every state. That is why getting higher education is a wise investment both in the individual and state senses.

Careers Ideas for English Majors

Careers Ideas for English Majors English majors are fortunate in that they graduate with degrees in a field that nearly everyone has heard of. The problem they face, however, is turning that English major into an actual job. Fortunately, many employers are aware that English majors come with a unique set of skills. Consider applying your knowledge in writing, critical thinking, and literature in one of the following careers. Careers in English Teach English in the United States. Its the classic choice for many English majors - and for good reason. If you love literature, working with students and writing, teaching in the U.S. through a program like Teach for America can be a great first gig.  Teach English abroad. Love to travel? Want to live somewhere new? Want to learn a new language? Teaching English abroad can be a great option for blending your personal and professional interests.Work in marketing for a for-profit company. Writing well may come easily to you, but it doesnt for everyone. Put your skills to work at a big companys marketing department.Be a freelance editor. Love helping people develop their own work? Consider freelancing as an editor.Be a freelance proofreader. Are you the person whom everyone comes to on campus to make sure their grammar and punctuation are perfect? Start charging for those services and see if you can make a career for yourself.Work for a newspaper. Contrary to popular belief, news o rganizations are on the rise and still hiring. Consider working as a journalist or editor. Work at a bookstore. Love books? Use your passion for literature to inspire the same passion in others.Work at a nonprofit that focuses on a love of literature. Consider working for a place like 826, which  focuses on bringing reading and books to those most in need.Do communications work for a large company. Creating copy and communication plans for a large company can be a fantastic challenge.  Do communications work for a nonprofit. You have awesome writing skills. Nonprofits need awesome folks. Pick an organization you love and you just might have a match made in heaven.Work as an editor or proofreader for a magazine. See if you can blend another of your passions - like photography, for example - by working as an editor or proofreader for a magazine in the field.Work as an editor or proofreader for a website. Most websites are designed and written by folks who want to get their information out. Make sure that information is clear and well written.Pursue life as a freelance writer.  Throw your hat in the ring and see if your skills as a freelance writer can pay the bills. Work at a library.  Working at a library can be a great way to interact daily with books and other tomes of information, with the added bonus of working more extensively with the community.Work at a local theater. Many local theater houses need folks with multiple talents: writing, acting, proofreading, editing. Put your multiple skills to use while having fun, too.Write promotional materials for a sports team. Love sports? Have a local sports team nearby? See if you can get a gig helping with the teams writing needs.Work at a TV station. You may think you need a degree in broadcasting to work at a TV station. But all those stories you hear on the news at night need to be written, edited, and proofread by someone who knows what theyre doing.Work at a radio station. Similar to TV, radio stations are in need of English majors. From writing marketing materials to proofreading promos, a radio station can be a fun and exciting place to work.Work for a technology company. You may picture tons of techs working in cubes when you think of a technology company. But all those instruction manuals, websites, user guides, and even video games need people to translate them from code to real English. Be a grant writer. Grant writing is a unique field that will allow you to help support a cause you believe in, work for an interesting organization, put your writing skills to work, and see the direct results of your efforts. Not too bad for a days work.

Mario Cuomo's Famous 1984 Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mario Cuomo's Famous 1984 Speech - Essay Example Mario Cuomo's famous 1984 speech remains persuasive, on an intellectual level at least, even when stripped down. The full text of the speech was much more convincing, and especially elicited a strong emotional response. Cuomo does an excellent job painting a picture for the listener, which engaged senses other than simply the ears, and ideas that stir the heart as much as the mind. He creates images of different Americas: â€Å"A shining city is perhaps all the President sees from the portico of the White House and the veranda of his ranch† compared to an America where â€Å"people can’t pay their mortgages, and most young people can’t afford one; where students can’t afford the education they need, and the middle-class parents watch the dreams of their children evaporate.† This imagery elicits a strong emotional response. Furthermore, he uses other rhetorical devices, such as repetition, to build a rhythm that contrasts his vision strong from the v ision that he paints of Ronal Reagan.   The passage where he describes a â€Å"credo,† connecting his ideas with religious connotations, then moves into something that sounds almost like a sermon. â€Å"We believe,† he says twelve times, trying elaborate on differences between the Republicans and Democrats. These descriptions also get progressively shorter and shorter, allowing Cuomo to build a rhythm that moves from very specific, long details to short but powerful statements, such as â€Å"we believe in civil right, and we believe in human rights† – statements that raise the hairs on one’s skin and create an incredible emotional response. Based on the above observations, it seems that logic and rhetoric are not inherently connected; rather that rhetoric can augment an already sound logical argument. I firmly believe that if Cuomo’s speech was absent from logic the stripped down version would not be persuasive at all, and the full text wo uld be less persuasive, but possibly still convincing on emotional grounds. It seems that rhetoric can add an emotional layer to a logical argument that would otherwise be absent, which convinces someone not just of the validity of one’s arguments but about the fundamental righteousness of one’s goals and mission. Also, it seems that the rhetorical devices that Cuomo employs would have been just as potent even if they were not overlaid on top of an already logical framework. The â€Å"we believe† section is almost entirely absent from the cut down version that eliminates much of the rhetorical language, show that much of that was simply imagery and rhetoric without much argument. And the imagery he uses in describing the two different visions of America can almost always be used – I doubt there has been a presidential nominee that has failed to use this rhetorical device in the past twenty years.

Managerial Economics Week 7 Individual Work Assignment

Managerial Economics Week 7 Individual Work - Assignment Example The information asymmetry by the buyer will enable him/her to go for more quality tests on the product. An experience good is a good in which its prices and quality are in question by the consumers. After the consumption, the consumer will then be able to ascertain the quality of the product. Consumers then are more likely to pay higher prices for the product because lower prices by the notorious firm will raise the consumers’ eyebrows. Consumers will also be able to question whether there are some problems, which cannot be observed in the market but only upon consumption. Higher prices indicate how genuine the product can be thus consumers will go for the product at higher prices. Good branding of the products will also contribute towards higher prices by consumers (Holt, 2009). In the long-run, consumers will opt to paying lower prices. The decision to pay lower prices results from the fact that one gets to know the quality of the product after its

Eastern Religions Analysis Essay Example for Free

Eastern Religions Analysis Essay Modern western medicine is based on knowledge and technological innovations appeared in 19th and 20th centuries. In contrast to eastern traditions, modern western medicine rejects the role of mind and soul in treatment trying to explain everything form Rationalist point of view. Recent years, eastern religious traditions penetrate into modern medicine brining new understanding of diseases and their causes. Alternative medicine is a ‘branch’ of modern medicine which applied eastern religious traditions into professional medical practice. The main advantage of eastern religious traditions (Daoism, Hinduism, etc. ) is interpretation of mind-body interaction which sees human mind and body as a part of the world order, nature and cosmic environment. Following eastern religious traditions, modern medicine uses meditation techniques and relaxation as the main tools to treat many incurable diseases. They program mind towards positive thinking and health. Eastern teaching includes unconscious ideas that shape everyday behavior, namely the right decision, the right attitude and truth. â€Å"By going to a practitioner skilled in one of these arts [eastern practices], patients feel that they are getting a complete doctor someone to treat their medical condition and to give them wise advice about life as well† (Dworkin 2001, 3). As the most important, eastern religious traditions use herbal substances and other natural ingredients as an alternative to surgical treatment methods. Today, more and more drugs consist of herbs and vitamins as the most effective and safe measures of treatment. Eastern religious traditions prove that chemical substances are ineffective if a person (patient) cannot change his attitude towards life and his diseases. Dworkin explains: â€Å"Alternative medicine stands between medical science and organized religion, and therefore stands between what is known and what is unknown† (Dworkin 2001, 3). In spite of great knowledge, the role of eastern religious traditions and their practical application is still limited by rational knowledge of western society. Modern India is influenced by globalization and westernization processes which changed social ideals and beliefs of modern generations. The remarkable feature of modern society is that it does not reject and ignore old beliefs and values applying new traditions and innovation to its cultural heritage. Following Frawley, it is possible to interpret Hinduism as: â€Å"the Dharmic soul of India, [which helps] to rise up from deep sleep and realize its true heritage† (Frawley 2002, 113). Popular culture of social and intellectual elite is primarily viewed by strong traditions of people, as well as religious dogmas, and Hinduism is the source that influences popular culture. After the period of colonialism and Communism, this change in national consciousness and mind is a result of the collapse of a stable world-view created during 20th century, which led to panic and moral decay. In modern India, social norms play greater role than Hinduism and are seen as a priority. Some critics admit that some Hindus are distance themselves from religious traditions â€Å"avoiding being seen going to temples, Yet may go to churches and mosques as a demonstration in their universality of religion. (Frawley, 16 cited Thaiyar 2002, 113). This tendency shows that modern generations are free to practice a high degree of ethical pluralism in their personal life choosing personal religion and way of life. Changing ideologies required changes of common people who are the base of popular culture. Still, Hinduism has a tremendous impact on cultural and social life of Hindus as a part of historical development and national identity. In general modern society is suppressed by social changes which influence world perception and culture, but, at the same time and again are associated with the reformed religion, which demands strict code of ethics and beliefs. Today, most Hindus subconsciously follow Hinduism traditions and philosophy, way of life and food patterns as a part of national culture they cannot change. Hinduism penetrates all spheres of social life and cultural norms reshaping modern nation and its values formed during the 1950s. References Dworkin, R.W. (2001). Science, Faith and Alternative Medicine. Policy Review, p. 3. Thaiyar, S. (2002). Arise Arjuna: Hinduism and the Modern World. International Journal of Humanities and Peace, 18, p. 113.

The Role of African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement Essay

The African American Civil Rights Movement was a series of protests in the United States South from approximately 1955 through 1968. The overall goal of the Civil Rights Movement was to achieve racial equality before the law. Protest tactics were, overall, acts of civil disobedience. Rarely were they ever intended to be violent. From sit-ins to boycotts to marches, the activists involved in the Civil Rights Movement were vigilant and dedicated to the cause without being aggressive. While African-American men seemed to be the leaders in this epic movement, African-American women played a huge role behind the scenes and in the protests. When discussing the American Civil Rights Movement, the names that seem to come up are those of prominent black men. While these men did enormous amounts of good during this movement, there are many women who seem to be poorly represented or credited. Black women had a huge amount of influence during the Civil Rights Movement. While many of the protests and movements were led by men, the women were behind the scenes organizing and promoting and popularizing the ideas themselves. Many women were heavily involved in political organizations such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and many others. Even if they were not directly involved in organizations, however, many black women became informal leaders of movements and/or enthusiastic participants. A few famous example of black women’s involvement are: Citizenship Schools in South Carolina, the Montgomery B us Boycott, And various women’s involvement in political groups and organizations. One of the most influential women i... ...rica? Fannie Lou Hamer and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party." Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers, 1941-1965. By Vicki L. Crawford, Jacqueline Anne. Rouse, and Barbara Woods. Vol. 16. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Pub., 1990. 27-37. Print. Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson, and David J. Garrow. The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: the Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1987. Print. Ransby, Barbara. Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: a Radical Democratic Vision. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2003. Print. Standley, Anne. "The Role of Black Women in the Civil Rights Movement." Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers, 1941-1965. By Vicki L. Crawford, Jacqueline Anne. Rouse, and Barbara Woods. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Pub., 1990. 183-202. Print.

Key Question Biology Essay

1) Mg2+ Has 10 electrons. 2) Carbon -14 would not be effective at dating bones that are millions of years old. Carbon -14 is effective at dating to a maximum of 40 000 to 50 000 years old. The isotope decays over time and would not be present on bones that are millions of years old. 3) Hydrolysis – Water used to breakdown molecules. Hydro means water and lysis means to breakdown. An example of hydrolysis in action within our bodies is how our body breaks down protein into amino acids. Water is used to break protein down in to its amino acids. Condensation- Condensation is when two molecules combine and form one bigger molecule. It is exact opposite process of hydrolysis. It is also called dehydration synthesis because water is removed â€Å"dehydrated† in forming of new molecule. This reaction happens in our bodies when we form muscle tissue. Oxidization-Reduction (REDOX)- This reaction describes the process of transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. The gaining of electrons is known as reduction and losing electrons is called oxidization. It is usually referred to as REDOX (REDuction/OXidization). One example of redox within our bodies is during cellular respiration. Question 4 is a chemical equation representing this process. Neutralization – Involves acids and bases and producing water and a salt. Acids contain Hydrogen Ions and Bases contain Hydroxide Ions. The best example of neutralization in our bodies is the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer. It contains acid and base and maintains our bloods Ph level. If our blood becomes acidic or basic this buffer neutralizes conditions. 4) C6H12O6+6O2–>6CO2+6H2O a) Carbon atoms in glucose are being oxidized b) Oxygen is being reduced Unit 1 Lesson 2 Key Questions 5)a) Carbohydrates monomer(s) is monosaccharide’s which are simple sugars.  The functional groups of carbohydrates are carbonyl and hydroxyl. The linkage type is a glycosidic bind. Carbohydrates primary function is to provide energy for the body. b)Proteins monomer(s) are called amino acids. The functional groups are called aminos and carboxyls. The linkage type is by using a peptide bond. The primary function of protein is build and repairs the body. c)Lipids monomer(s) are called fatty acid and glycerol. The functional group is called ester. The linkage type of lipids is non polar bonds or sometimes called ester bonds. The primary function of lipids is energy, hormone production and insulation of the body. D)Nucleic Acids monomer(s) are called nucleotide. The functional group is dna(Deoxyribonucleic acid) and rna(Ribonucleic acid). The linkage type is covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. The primary function of nucleic acid is to store and transfer genetic material. 6) Box on right illustrates the peptide bond resulting from the condensation of both the amino acids. The box on the left illustrates the separation of the hydroxide group from glycine and the hydrogen atom from valine. 7)a) You would do the Benedict’s reagent test for simple sugars and the Lugol’s solution or Iodine test for polysaccharides and starch. To test the lipids you would use the Sudan iV test and Biurets reagent test for protein. b) Benedict test the solution color will change from blue to pink/orange red, indicating simple sugars are present. Lugols test the solution color will change from yellowish brown to dark purple, indicating starch and polysaccharides are present. Sudan iV test the lipid content will turn into red, indicating lipids are present. Biuret test the solution colour will change from Blue to pink, indicating protein is present. UNIT 1 Lesson 3 Key Questions 8) Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, without being consumed by the reactions themselves. For the reaction to occur, the reactions have to overcome the activation energy barrier. The enzymes work by lowering the activation energy. The two substrates are bounded and optimally positioned, the reaction can proceed to form or break chemical  bonds. You must mention the presence of successive collisions. 9)a) Enzymes work in very limited temperature and Ph range. If Ph is altered even slightly it can slow down or completely stop the enzymes action. It is a concept known as enzyme specificity. When pH of a particular medium changes, it leads to alteration in the shape of the enzyme or the substrate and if denaturation occurs the process stops completely. b) The relationship between rate of reaction and concentration of substrate depends on the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. The higher the substrate concentration the more quickly product is produced (rate of reaction increases) until enzyme saturation is reached at which time more substrate has no further effect. 10)Enzyme A the Optimal Ph seems to be Ph4 and Optimal Temperature seems to be 370 c. Enzyme B the optimal Ph seems to be Ph7 and the optimal temperature is a range between 40c -80oc. Enzyme C the optimal Ph seems to be a range between Ph1 and Ph 13 and the optimal temperature seems to be 200c. 11)Three benefits of enzymes in food technology are: Alternatives to chemical based technology, can replace chemicals in many processes. This can allow real advances in the environmental performance of production processes, through lower energy consumption and biodegradability. More specific in action than synthetic chemicals. Processes which use enzymes therefore has fewer side effects and waste byproducts, producing higher quality products. Allow processes to be carried out which would otherwise be impossible. Like changing colour of food products or allowing products to be clear like apple juice uses pectinase enzyme. Unit 1 Lesson 4 Key Questions 12) Mitochondria produce ATP or energy. Muscle cells contract and use energy at a rapid rate and require more ATP than a fat cell would require. Muscles are required for movement so each movement requires ATP and muscle cells in mammals also are sued to produce heat, also requiring more ATP. Fat cells are energy storage. 13)a) Diffusion does not require energy, Active Transport require energy or ATP. b)Diffusion goes from high to low concentration while active transport goes from low to high. 14)  Receptor-mediated endocytosis has receptor, and is specific, only certain specific molecules can enter. Phagocytosis surrounds its food without really knowing what it is, cell membrane engulfs large molecule with a vesicle. 15) Integral proteins allow polar molecules like water to pass through the non polar interior of the membrane. Cholesterol makes the membrane sturdy and more rigid than it would be without. 16)A) The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the movement of water in and out of a carrot-osmometer as a result of being placed in two different solutions: distilled water, and a 10% salt solution. B) Beaker A contained distilled water Whenever there is movement of water, it is from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. as there’s a fall in the water level in beaker B. This is because the cells of the carrot placed in beaker B have a lower water potential than the distilled water on the outside. So water molecules undergo osmosis from higher water potential to lower, from the outside water into the cells of carrot. This results in the fall in water level. 17) Salt water when used for rinsing mouth becomes hypertonic in relation to the fluid inside the cell of the gums that are swelled. As the fluid of two concentrations is separated by a semi-permeable membrane, osmosis starts to make a balance. In this process fluid comes out of the cells of the gums to make fluid in mouth isotonic to intracellular fluid. This helps reducing intracellular fluid and thus reducing the swelling of the gums.

Three Main Learning Styles

There are around three main learning styles. These are visual, which include those who learn by watching and seeing; auditory and interpersonal, including those who learn by listening and discussing; and kinaesthetic or tactile, which comprises of those who learn through activity. For the purpose of this essay I choose to compare my learning style with my classmate, Melissa Horner’s.Melissa Horner’s style is definitely auditory and interpersonal. She learns best within an environment where the teaching is verbal in nature. Even when studying, although Melissa likes a quiet time for study, she will still read aloud to enable her to absorb the information better.My style is different. I would say my learning style falls into the kinaesthetic category, because I find it difficult to be still for long periods of time and learn best when there is a lot of activity around me. I also find that I am very active when I am studying. I need to express myself physically, for exampl e I will use objects such as a pencil to help me whilst I am thinking.The most effective ways in which Melissa can produce the best quality work is by working within a group or class and listening to others explaining the situation. It is also helpful to Melissa to make notes in her own words and them reading those notes aloud so that a full grasp of the subject is achieved. For me to produce the best paper, it is necessary to be active. I do best when I am able to physically explore the subject being discussed.My opinion is that by combining the learning styles of Melissa and myself, we can produce a really effective paper. This can be achieved by utilizing Melissa’s note taking and need for vocalization of a project or study together with my need for activity in study. As these aspects of learning complement each other, the quality of the paper produced would be better than one that is produced using only one of the styles in isolation.Work citedRiding, Richard and Rayner, Stephen (1998) Cognitive Styles and Learning Strategies: Understanding Style Differences in Learning and Behavior. David Fulton Publishers Ltd. UK

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essays

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essays Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essay Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essay For investors, it is important to understand stock dividends and stock splits. Stock dividend is different from stock split.   While it is true that, in both cases, new shares of stock are issued to current stockholders, distinction between the two has been recognized.   The distinctive difference between a stock dividend and a stock split is that in the former, there is a capitalization of earnings or profits, together with a distribution of the added shares which evidence the assets transferred to capital, while in the latter, there is a mere increase in the number of shares which evidence ownership without altering the amount of the capital, surplus or segregated earnings.   In short, a stock split is but a dividing up of the outstanding shares of the corporation into a greater number of units without touching the stockholder’s original proportional participating interest in the corporation.   Stock split is basically one of form and not of s ubstance.Concept of dividendsA stock corporation subsists to make a profit and to allot a percentage of the profits to its stockholders.   The board of directors of a public corporation may declare dividends out of the unrestricted retained earnings which shall be payable either in cash, or in stock to all stockholders on the basis of outstanding shares held by them.   A dividend is that part or portion of the profits of a corporation set aside, declared and ordered by the directors to be paid ratably to the stockholders on demand or at a fixed time.   It is a payment to stockholders of a corporation as a return on their investment.   It is a feature of a dividend that all of the stockholders of the same class share in it in proportion to the respective amounts of stock which they hold.Without disturbing the capital stock, a dividend is an aggregate amount which can be shared among stockholders.   The term has been considered as suggesting that there must be a surplus or p rofits to be divided.   To warrant the declaration of dividends, there must be actual bona fide surplus profits or earnings over and above all debts and liabilities of the corporation.   Although a corporation has earned no profit from the current period, it may properly pay dividends from accumulated surplus out of previous years.   On the other hand, dividends may not be declared as long as a shortfall exists although; it has realized actual profit in the current year.Stock dividendsInstead of cash, a corporation may opt to declare stock dividend, which is a dividend payable in unissued or increased or additional shares.   Stock dividends do not decrease the value of the stockholder’s interest; they only bring down the cost per share of the stockholdings. To illustrate, Mr. X owned 200 shares of stock at $10 per share worth $2,000.   The company declared and distributed 25% stock dividend.   Mr. X would now own 250 shares for the same value of $2,000, with a new value per share of $8 (Heakal, 2003).   A corporation may increase its authorized capital stock by way of stock dividends without touching its unissued shares as long as there are retained earnings to justify the declaration.The declaration of stock dividend may be revoked at anytime before the actual issuance of the stock.   Unlike in cash dividend, a stock dividend requires, as a general rule, more than a mere declaration to make it effective.   It must be approved by the stockholders. Until the stock is actually issued, or at least in some manner especially set apart to the stockholders, its effect is not complete.   The so called stock dividend in shares of the kind already held gives the shareholder nothing in the way of a distribution of assets, but merely divides his existing shares into smaller units.   There is no increase in his proportionate claim upon the assets of the corporation or income by reason of such a paper dividend.   There is no obligation upon th e corporation to declare stock dividends, which are not distributions but only a change of the share and capital structure.   Since the declaration of stock dividend gives the stockholder nothing until all the formalities necessary to a valid increase of stock are complied with, its revocation, therefore, takes away nothing.   But unless rescinded, the shareholders have absolute right to their respective shares in the stock dividend so declared and actual delivery of the corresponding certificate is not essential to make the shareholder the owner of the dividend (De Leon, l993).Dividends DatesEssentially, there are three dates to observe in dealing with dividends.   The first to consider is the date of declaration where the board declares dividend and sets the amount of dividend, the payment date and the ex-dividend date. Next is the record date, where all list of of current stockholders who are to receive dividends are rolled up. The most important date is the 2-day period be fore the record date which is designated as the ex-dividend date. This is to allow completion of all unfinished transactions before the record date.   Those stockholders not on record or do not own the stock before the ex-dividend date will not be entitled to dividend payment. Proceedings not completed at the ex-dividend date, the price of the stock is immediately reduced as dividend payment dilutes the value of the company and investors absorbs the diminution in value (â€Å"Investing†, 2007).Effect of declaration of stock dividendA stock dividend transfers the surplus covered by such dividend into permanent account thereby placing it beyond the power of the board of directors to withdraw from corporate use and to distribute to the stockholders.   Such a capitalization of surplus adds nothing to and takes nothing from the corporation.   The corporation merely transfers the surplus to capital account and issue shares of stock to represent the same.   Such shares may b e preferred as well as common stock.After a declaration of stock dividends, the stockholder receives no greater proportional interest in the assets of the corporation that he had before.   In this regard, it is identical in substance with a splitting of original share in which outstanding shares are exchanged for an increased number of new shares of proportionally less par value than the old, leaving the aggregate value of all his stock substantially the same.   Such an increase simply dilutes the shares as they existed before.   The declaration of stock dividend is advantageous to existing creditors of the corporation to the extent that corporate earnings are capitalized, unavailable for distribution to stockholders.   At the same time, it improves the cash position of the corporation with expansion projects or programs eliminating the necessity of borrowing and paying high interest rates.Stock dividends are not taxable as income because they represent merely an unrealized gain to the stockholders who receives nothing from the corporation that answers the definition of income under the revenue code (â€Å"Strengthening†).Illustration:A, B, C, D and E organized a stock corporation with an authorized capital stock of $400,000 divided into 4,000 shares with a par value of $100 per share.   Each subscribed to and paid for 400 shares.   Hence, the actual asset of the corporation at the beginning of the business was $200,000.After a few years of profitable business, the assets of the corporation amounted to $400,000 with no debts.   Instead of declaring cash dividends, it was agreed to increase the capital stock in the form of stock dividends with a total value of $40,000 which amount represents the actual increase of his share or interest in the business.   At the start of the year, each stockholder held 400 shares with a total value of $40,000 which is 1/5 of the total corporate capital of $200,000.   At the close of the year, after stock dividends are declared, each stockholder still holds 1/5 interest in the corporation with his 800 shares worth $80,000 in relation to the increased corporate capital of $400,000.   But the proportional interest of each share in the corporate assets is decreased because of the increase in the number of shares, from 1/2,000 to 1/4,000 (Kennon, 2007).Stock dividend from issue of additional sharesWhenever an increase is made in the capital account of a stock corporation, the increase is valid only when it represents additional shares issued for which the equivalent consideration is received by the corporation.   The increase may be the result of an issue of additional shares or the re-investment of retained earnings effected by the distribution of shares as stock dividend.Hence, a corporation with outstanding no par value shares originally issued at $5 per share cannot increase its capital account by transferring its surplus to its capital account without issuing additional shares for the amount transferred.   Under such method, stockholders who have already paid in full their no par value shares would in effect be made to pay additional amounts for the same shares to increase their value.   No par value shares of capital stock issued shall be deemed fully paid and non-assessable.   Once no par value shares have been issued at their issued price, their value can no longer be changed.   Accordingly, such stock dividend by a transfer of the surplus to capital with no shares to be issued cannot be validly made (De Leon, 1993).Stock dividend distinguished from cash dividendStock dividend does not involve any disbursement to the stockholders of accumulated earnings, while cash dividend involves disbursement of said earnings.   Corporate creditors may reach for stock dividends, being still part of corporate property, while cash dividend declared and paid becomes the absolute property of the stockholders and cannot be reached by the creditors.   While co rporate capital is increased by a stock dividend, cash dividend does not.   Except in the sense that capital stock constitute a liability, no debt from the corporation to the stockholders is created by the declaration of stock dividend.   The declaration of cash dividend creates an obligation to the stockholders who then hold such stock.It is important to note that a dividend payable in stock is not synonymous with, and is not always or necessarily, a stock dividend.   A dividend payable in stock may, under some circumstances, is a cash dividend, as where the dividend consists in treasury stocks or in stocks of another corporation.Stock splitsThe board of directors may approve a stock split when the market is too high or too low, as sometimes investors are forestalled from buying or keeping their stocks.   In stock split, the market per share is adjusted by the same ratio which results in additional shares being issued and the market price being reduced to a trading level to attract investors. Stock splits are generally carried out in two different ways.   In a par value stock, the original certificate is converted into a new certificate validating the original shares, plus the new shares issued.   In a no par value stock, the stockholder keeps his original certificate but receives additional certificates for the additional shares issued. In either case, the split merely changes the number of outstanding shares without affecting the stockholders’ equity or the capital stock (Heakal, 2003).Illustration:X Corporation has 100,000 outstanding shares of stock, with a par value of $10 per share.   The board of directors feels that a lower price is necessary to attract more investors, it authorized that the 100,000 shares be replaced by 500,000 with a par value of $2.   Thus each stockholder will receive 5 shares in exchange for each share owned.   This increase in the number of outstanding share is referred to as stock split (Little, 2007).O n the other hand, the reverse stock split, involves the reduction of the outstanding shares into a smaller number of shares and it is done when it is felt that a higher price for the shares will be advantageous to the corporation.   Thus, in the same example above, the 100,000 outstanding shares may be called in and replaced by 50,000 shares with a par value of $20 per share.   There is an increase in the par value of outstanding shares with a corresponding reduction in the number of shares issued.If a stock splits, it does not make it a better investment or enlarges the share in the company’s earnings nor does it affect materially short sellers. The aim of stock splits is to lower the trading price of a stock to a level viewed as popular to investors. It is comfortable to purchase stock at $10 per share than at $100 per share. Hence, when share prices have moved up considerably, publicly-listed companies declare stock split.ConclusionOne way or another, the stock itself may change, whether it is a stock split or a stock dividend.   It is crucial that an investor must be fully aware of the character of corporate actions to understand how a corporate decision affects his interest in the business. Corporate action may bring a change in the stock (â€Å"Corporate†).Whether it is cash dividend or stock dividend, dividends matter. It is the evidence of profitability.   It offers unvarying return on a less secure investment. Dividends grow as the company grows thus providing more economic value to the investors. Some investors profit from dividends.   Investors would purchase stocks right after dividend is declared and sell it after collecting the dividend, thus, receiving dividend at no cost.   However, this does not usually happen successfully as the dividend payout reflects immediately the stock price.It is important that an investor understands stock splits.   Stock splits do not change the equity of the company or the net assets of t he business.   Board of directors approves stock splits to maintain high level of trading activity of its stock. Sometimes a reverse stock split is decided to discourage small investors and maintain its status because a relatively low stock price is considered highly speculative and often trades over the counter.

4 Ways Customer Feedback Determined Our Greatest Design Features

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Necessity of Parental Spiritual Leadership

Necessity of Parental Spiritual Leadership In this paper, I will show why I believe the parents are to be the primary spiritual caregivers of their children. I believe that there is more than just personal preference deciding who should train children spiritually. This has been a topic of much discussion and one that needs to be brought to the attention of parents. Parents in North America have largely left the spiritual raising of their children up to the church. This is why there are many children and family pastors. I believe that the churchs role is to support the parents in raising children spiritually. It would help to begin by defining some terms. When talking about spiritual leadership, what then is meant? Spiritual leadership is quite simply leadership that is spiritual. Leadership is the act of leading a group of people. This can be by taking somebody from one place and moving them to another by being an example and correcting should the need arise. Spiritual leadership takes the idea of leadership one step further by making it about leading somebody spiritually. What then isÂÂ   meant by spiritual in spiritual leadership?ÂÂ   Spiritual pertains to the realm of religion. In this paper, spiritual will refer to the leading and following of Jesus Christ. Now that spiritual leadership has been defined who can be spiritual leaders? Spiritual leaders can be anybody who is farther along on the faith journey than the one theyre leading. This might include pastors, teachers, leaders, parents, older siblings, or older individuals in the church. In some cases, the spiritual lead er is younger than whom he is leading. Why do children need spiritual leadership? George Barna in his book on transforming children[K1], says that in order to have a proper relationship with God, children must be taught to obey Him.[1] Children need someone to guide them along this journey of life to becoming more like Christ. They need someone to teach them the things of God. They will not and cannot do that on their own. They are in dire need of someone to guide them who is more spiritually mature than they are. What does spiritual leadership have to do with families? Moses wrote in Deuteronomy chapter 6 These words, which I am commanding you today, shall be on your heart. You shall teach them diligently to your sons and shall talk of them when you sit in your house and when you walk by the way and when you lie down and when you rise up.[2] These verses give a clear indication that children are to be taught the things of God by their parents. These words were spoken by Moses as a direct command from God. God was to be taught about by the parents all the time. There is a clear indication of this by the words when you sit, when you walk, when you lie down and when you rise up. One can infer that this is to be an every day, every week, every month, and every year occurrence. The Bible is clear where talks about parents teaching their children. Does spiritual leadership need to come from the family or can it come from somewhere else? The two locations that spiritual leadership can come from is the family or the church. The church is a great place for Spiritual leadership come from because of the amount of knowledge that most leaders in the church have. On the other hand, a family is also a great place for it to come from because; there is the sheer amount of time that they are with their children and the built in trust the children have for their parents. The question is, is the church and the family equal in terms of training or is one better than the other? When the church leads spiritually, there can be much benefit to the children. Reggie Joiner believes that, The church is a critical part of Gods divine strategy to demonstrate His redemptive story to the world.[3] Over the years, since its inception, the church has perfected the art of teaching. It has designed strategies to guide children into the knowledge of Jesus Christ. The church has specific vacation strategies called VBS, Vacation Bible School, to get the gospel into the hearts of the boys and girls. Many boys and girls give their life to Christ at the VBS. These take place all around the world. George Barna said that, Most church-going parents are neither spiritually mature nor spiritually inclined and therefore they do not have the sense of urgency or necessity about raising their kids to be spiritual champions.[4] The church has picked up the slack of parents. This is why there are becoming more and more children and youth directors. Churches are realizing that parents are not doing their God-given responsibility to lead their children spiritually. Putting it quite simply when he said, while more than four out of five parents believe they have the primary responsibility for the moral and spiritual development of their children, more than two-thirds of them abdicate that responsibility to their church. Their virtual abandonment of spiritual leadership for their children is evident in how infrequently they engage in faith-oriented activities with their young ones.[5], George Barna identified the key problem in the lives of parents today. When children come to church they are taught by educators who have spent all week learning a lesson that they will teach to the children. This lesson has been specifically planned to aid in the spiritual development of the child.ÂÂ   The Sunday school teachers, many who have done this for many years, are teaching out of the experience and other things that they have learned. This teaching becomes concentrated in i ts Biblical content. A former childrens director Michelle Anthony stated what most workers in childrens ministry feel when she said, We desire that those in our care will have been spiritually formed by the time they leave our ministry.[6] It is this desire that drives the many childrens workers at churches around the world. All this so far seems well and good, but[K2] Barna figured out the problem with this church predominant teaching. He said, So, parents are happy, children receive some religious instruction and experiences, and the churches are serving people. This sounds like a wonderful win-win situation except for one issue: the approach is completely unbiblical.[7]ÂÂ   This leads to an improper view that the church should be the primary spiritual caregivers of children. They can have an influence, but[K3] should not be the primary. When parents make the decision to lead spiritually it can have the largest impact on their children.ÂÂ   Parents have the unique,opportunity to help them (kids) discover, access, and strengthen their (kids) trust and faith in Jesus Christ[8] as authors Powell and Clark correctly identified. Children are born into this world completely helpless. They cannot do anything on their own. As they begin to grow, they become attached to their parents. They look to the parents for guidance, support, and encouragement. Through this relationship that has been God-given, the parents can use this relationship to begin guiding their children to follow Jesus Christ. As George Barna specified, Spiritual development is a lifelong continual process. It is not to be practiced as a once a week routine[K4], but a 24/7 habit.[9] This is attainable by the parents and not the church. There are 168 hours in a week. 56 of those are designated as sleeping hours. Children spend approximately 40 hours in sch ool. This leaves 78 hours of the week that the children are neither sleeping nor at school. These 78 hours can be intentional hours that parents can use to guide their children spiritually. The church only gets probably 1 to 2 hours a week of spiritual influence over the children. Powell and Clark also stated so well that parents, model an unconditional, nonjudgmental, and ever embracing love in which our kids can do nothing that jeopardizes or even lessen that love.[10] Through this parents can show pragmatically to their children that nothing can drive the kids out of the family. The parents are modeling the same that is true in Gods family. Once they are a part of Gods family, nothing they can do is able to snatch them out of the Fathers hand.[11] Parents must not wait until children are in school to begin the spiritual training of their children. They can begin as early as when they bring them home from the hospital. By simply singing the song Jesus Loves Me, parents can begin the spiritual training of their children. This song speaks great theological truths. Jesus loves me this I know for the Bible tells me so. The children can know first off that Jesus loves them. Second, they can learn to trust the Bible. It is the Bible that accurately tells them the truth that Jesus loves them.ÂÂ   The parents are teaching[K5] though the song even before the child can speak. Children can know these truths from a very young age and all it begins with is the parent singing the song to them and they are imparting deep theological truth. The authors of Losing Your Marbles plainly state, If kids dont feel loved when theyre young, they may never love themselves in a healthy way.[12] This is very easily done by parents who can model the u nconditional love that God has for us. Parents can teach their children the love of the Father with the love that they have for their kids. It is kind of ironic that God describes himself as a Father. That is what sets parenting apart from anything else. God has allowed parents to take those young individuals and be able to mold them in accordance with His Word. Jesus welcomed the little children onto His knee. He still wants kids to be with him. In their book Sticky Faith Drs. Powell and Clark say that when kids come to the conclusion through failure or pain that theyre not in control of their faith and they lose interest in their faith, they are going to set that faith aside. Parents must help the kids discover the faith that doesnt fade by staying true to the words of Jesus. They wrote the children need to learn to trust in the one the Father has sent and live convinced that the only thing that counts is faith expressing itself through love.[13] Again, Michelle Anthony brought the important truth out when she said, As ministers of Christ, I believe our job is to simply hoist our sail far and as wide as we can and catch the wind of God. That sail is important, but not as important as the wind.[14] As parents deal with children day after day they will be able to see these areas where the Holy Spirit is moving and use that prompting to speak the truth of God into the kids lives. Even a simple thing like walking down the stree t, there are areas that parents can use to teach about Gods greatness. As the children hear about news articles, parents can use that as a jumping point to speak the truth. As the parents listen for Gods direction, they will be able to use random things that can happen every single day as teaching points. Its no accident that God directly told the parents in Deuteronomy to teach the things of God, when you sit in your house and when you walk by the way and when you lie down and when you rise up.[15] These words are very strong proof that it must be the parents that lead spiritually. The church is simply not in the kids lives often enough. In conclusion, there is nothing wrong with the church teaching children spiritually[K6], but they must not be the primary. The primary spiritual leadership needs to come from the parents. They have been called by God to fulfill this role. Often parents dont know where to start[K7], but, even just reading the Bible with their kids is a great place to start. Its no coincidence that God has placed children in a family and when someone receives Jesus as their Savior they become part of Gods family. The family is very important to God and that is why the parents can reach their children best. The book Think Orange underlying theme is that the parents are red; signifying their love for the children and the church is yellow, signifying it as a light in the world. It is only when both come together, red and yellow that you get orange. Rather than the church doing one thing and the parents doing another thing, if they work together they can attack two fronts. When you combine two influences, you amplify whats important[16] The best, and most ideal situation, is the family providing the primary spiritual leadership[K8], and the church coming alongside and augmenting the parents teaching with their own teaching. The churchs role is to evangelize the world. The parents role is to disciple and train their children as spiritual leaders. This is not a task that parents can approach half-heartedly, theyÂÂ   must daily rely on the Holy Spirit to guide them in this rewarding task. Annotated Bibliography Anthony, Michelle Dreaming of More For The Next Generation Colorado Springs, Colorado: David C. Cook, 2012 Boys and girls come to Sunday School every single week and every single week, sadly, boys and girls stop coming to Sunday School. This book explores the ideas of what could happen if boys and girls, entire families, learned about got together. Imagine what could happen to our world if this generation of Christians altered their mindset about the importance of disciple in children. If an entire generation continued to practice the things that they learned in Sunday school as kids. The change can happen and it starts with parents to taking their role of spiritual leaders seriously. Anthony, Michelle; Marshman, Megan 7 Family Ministry Essentials Colorado Springs, Colorado; David C. Cook, 2015 Ministry to families has become something of an important aspect in many churches today. No longer are specific leaders just ministering to kids but, there is a gradual shift towards the church providing something for the entire family. This book looks at 7 essential aspects related to ministering to families. The first aspect is essential to this report with its title being Empowering Family as Primary. The authors suggest that in one generation there could be a shift in the primacy of parents being the primary spiritual caregivers for kids. Recycling, seatbelts, and sunscreen have changed from obscurity to necessity in only one generation. Think what could happen if we made this the prime thing we were teaching parents. Barna, George Transforming Children Into Spiritual Champions Ventura, California: Barna Research Group, Ltd., 2003 When it comes to raising boys and girls according to the word of God, George Barna leads the pack on championing this cause. He has done extensive research into reasons why children need to the number one priority in the church. He says that children need to be an investment by the church. With all the research that has been done, children are still influenced primarily by their parents. Even though churches do have an influence on children, the church is on the lowest tier of influence. Parents must rise up and take their place in leading their family spiritually. Joiner, Reggie Think Orange Colorado Springs, Colorado: David C. Cook, 2012 With the church averaging only 40 hours of a year to influence a child, compared to the 3000 that parents get, it only makes sense to have parents use that time to spiritually raise their children. The think orange philosophy is that when parents and the church work together, the spiritual training can be attacked on both fronts. Families being red, representing love and church being yellow, representing light, it is when those two combine you get orange. The author stresses that the parents voice needs to be the strongest in a kids life. The parents need to matter more than their friends, more than a coach, and more than the world. This book, if properly utilized, could change the church today, because it changes families. Joiner, Reggie; Hansen, Elizabeth; Ivy, Kristen Losing Your Marbles Cumming, Georgia: The reThink Group, Inc., 2013 Reggie Joiner weaves the tale of a boy named Simon and his quest to do the right thing at school. This book takes a look at one week out of out of Simons life and the massive changes that can take place in strictly one week. Flipping the book over, Joiner stresses that kids need six things repeatedly in their lives to make a difference. When these six things are done by parents, they can make lasting changes in their childrens lives. The six things are time over time, love over time, words over time, stories over time, tribes over time, and fun over time. These six things done over time, show children that they matter and in these parents can speak spiritually into their kids lives. Newheiser, Jim Parenting is More Than a Formula Philipsburg, New Jersey: PR Publishing Company, 2015 This book is written as an encouragement to parents that sometimes the best parenting doesnt follow strict rules. A key portion of the book is on the parental duties as directed from scripture, with the following section on responsibilities of the child for the choices that he makes. This book hits the nail on the head when it points out the very important high point that its only by Gods grace our kids can be saved. Powell, Kara E.; Clark, Chap Sticky Faith Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2011 This book explores the relationship between children who are raised in the church who is that walk away from it as they get older. The numbers speak of 50% of kids walking away from their faith, their faith does not stick. The essential leading factor with the decision to stay or leave the faith is the influence that parents have on the kids. The authors write that as children get older they need to have developed faith for themselves otherwise, it will not stick and they will walk away. In order to make Faith stick, parents must have conversations with their children about spiritual things throughout the week and not only on Sundays. [1] George Barna, Transforming Children Into Spiritual Champions (Ventura, California: Barna Research Group, Ltd., 2003), 61 [2] Deut. 6:6-7 (NASB) [3] Reggie Joiner, Think Orange (Colorado Springs, Colorado: David C. Cook, 2012), 36 [4] George Barna, Transforming Children Into Spiritual Champions (Ventura, California: Barna Research Group, Ltd., 2003), 111 [5] George Barna, Transforming Children Into Spiritual Champions (Ventura, California: Barna Research Group, Ltd., 2003), 109 [6] Michelle Anthony, Dreaming of More For The Next Generation (Colorado Springs, Colorado: David C. Cook, 2012), 29 [7] George Barna, Transforming Children Into Spiritual Champions (Ventura, California: Barna Research Group, Ltd., 2003), 114 [8] Kara E. Powell and Chap Clark, Sticky Faith (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2011), 37 [9] George Barna, Transforming Children Into Spiritual Champions (Ventura, California: Barna Research Group, Ltd., 2003), 116 [10] Ibid. [11] John 10:29 (NASB) [12] Reggie Joiner, Elizabeth Hansen, Kristen, Losing Your Marbles (Cumming, Georgia: The reThink Group, Inc., 2013), 47 [13] Kara E. Powell and Chap Clark, Sticky Faith (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2011), 36 [14] Michelle Anthony, Megan Marshman, 7 Family Ministry Essentials )Colorado Springs, Colorado; David C. Cook, 2015), 121 [15] Deut. 6:6-7 (NASB) [16] Reggie Joiner, Think Orange (Colorado Springs, Colorado: David C. Cook, 2012), 134 [K1]comma [K2]comma [K3]comma [K4]comma [K5]awkward sentence [K6]comma [K7]comma here instead [K8]comma